Characteristic of management Essay

With the progress of history, the definition, content, method and characteristic of management is in constant development. The history of management theory and idea is evolving. Between the twentieth century and twenty first century, the environment of management has been changed from stable and predictable to unending changeable. According to Kiechel’s (2012) theory, with the definite law, principle and regulation, management belong to a real science system. In this essay, two topics will be discussed. The first one is management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which are the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human and the connection between organization and external environment. The second one is the three most important differences between now and then. The three differences are increasingly fierce competition, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. The development of management theory and practice are closely related. Management theory is based on the understanding of management system and frame after summarized the experience from the accumulation management. However, this understanding also leads to the management practice. First of all, the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human is one factor. After the mid nineteen twenties the human relations theory and behavior management theory began to pay attention to â€Å"human† has many special factors different from the â€Å"objects†. On the â€Å"human† factor, first of all should be attributed to Mayo and his in the test of Hawthorne factory. Hawthorne test is a management test of Mayo by Hawthorne telephone factory which belong to Western Electric Company in the United States. Testing began in 1924 and Mayo conducted a series of surveys, tests and interviews. After that, the summary from Mayo (1933) of human psychological factors and social factors has great impact on the production efficiency. The staff is â€Å"social person†; they need social psychology rather than simply the pursuit of income and material. Therefore, the managers of the enterprise should not only focus on the technical and economic factors of management, but also improve labor  productivity from the social and psychological aspects to encourage workers. Volberda (2012) has said that expect formal organization, there are some informal ones. Informal organization is spontaneous formation by nature from the people contact. However, people’s behavior from the informal organization is always following the emotional logic —— character decides relationship. The external environment become connects to organization. Some of manager’s work on employees by coerces punishment and fire to increase the stress of them. The strict supervision and control mode to staff actually reflected in Taylor’s scientific management service and the traditional management mode. The others the others has concept of management that will be advocated management method which is people oriented by human, tolerant, democratic in management behavior. The objectives of the organization are combined individual objectives well and create favorable conditions for employees to develop the wisdom and potential. Then, there are three most important differences between now and then which increasingly fierce competitions, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. Firstly, with the liberalization policy, business globalization and capital operation mode, the regional and industry boundaries were abolished which makes the competition more intense. That leads to the difference by increasingly fierce competitions. With the opinion of Parker (2005), a long time ago, the research which based on strategic alliances and joined ventures was found. Cooperation and competition were founded to be a virtue and he analysis that competition is good to become to cooperation which is a good idea from the growing global economic. Secondly, Customers become the dominant force in the market by the expansion of product pile up in excessive requirement and income gap which leads to customer demand for personalized. Abrahamson (1966) suggested that, change is a global effect; the customer is more sensitive on the quality of the product or service. Managers should seek a new technology to help them handle new conditions which is the performance gap caused by environmental changes. Finally, with the widely used of the development of science and technology and information technology, lots of things could be done which may not be done easily. So the traditional management mode faces the enormous challenge. Moreover, by Rodrigues(2001)’ theory, the development of effective management skills to deal with specific problems and challenges of each organization in the global competitive environment is to make a frame work. The urgent need of many enterprises and organizations are rapid changes in technology and the environment. Today, the new trend of training and development organizations around the world are dealt within their own organization. In order to achieve networked, flat, flexible, effective development skills, specific challenges different new organizations of their mission and objectives of the organizations all over the word. Effective management skills help people and organizations to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. The rapid development of globalization and technology shows that we are in fierce competition. Proper management is crucial to the complex environment. The quality manager and effective management style can determine the organizational culture with productive employees and ultimately, success or failure. Managers should encourage, guide, supervise, motivate employee and coordination capacity to promote action and guide change his leadership and other training manager. Management and utilization planning, organization and communication skills are important leadership, more in quality such as integrity, honesty, courage, commitment, sincerity, enthusiasm, determination, compassion and sensitivity. In conclusion, management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which are the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human and the connection between organization and external environment. At the same time, there are three most important differences between now and then. The three differences are increasingly fierce competition, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. Twenty first Century for humans is a new age, we need according to the new rules to face and the formation of new rules depends on innovation which is the foundation of learning. Finally, Learning and innovation is the key in twenty first Century to deal with the environmental change. Reference 1.Abrahamson, E. (1996). Management fashion. Academy of Management Review, 21, 1, 245-285. 2. Parker, L. D., & Ritson, P. (2005). Fads, stereotypes and management gurus: Fayol and Follett today. Management Decision, 43, 10, 1335-57. 3. Kiechel, W. (2012). The management century. Harvard Business Review, 90, 11, 62-75. 4. Rodrigues, C. A. (2001). Fayol’s 14 principles of management then and now: A framework for managing today’s organizations effectively. Management Decision, 39, 10, 880-889. 5. Mayo,G.E. (1933). The Human Problems of an Industrialized Civilization, 25,3, 33-45. 6. Volberda, H. (2012). Contingency Fit, Institutional Fit, and Firm Performance: A Metafit Approach to Organization-Environment Relationships. Organization science, 23, 4, 1040 -1055.

buy custom Happiness essay

buy custom Happiness essay Happiness may be defined as something a person reaches after following a planned path. It can be a way of reaching something that we lack or a sign that one has what he wants. For example, a plant is believed to be happy if it looks healthy. If farmers see their toil to be fruitful, they feel cheerful. Therefore, the term happiness is energetic and motivated since people aspire to achieve it. Mentioning the word happiness makes one happy. Repetition of the word makes one even happier. Happiness can make one stop at some point. For example, I need a house in order to be happy. It suggests comfort or joy, and can be either an end or a beginning of a story. According to John Stuart Mill, happiness explains what people desire. This means that human beings desire something that gives them happiness. Statements regarding happiness can be either false or true. For example, some researchers assert that feminism brings unhappiness to women by increasing their aspirations, or through challenging their gender roles. Other people will argue that feminist brings happiness. Others believe that feminist brings neither happiness nor unhappiness, hence indifference. Happiness can be found when something is being missed simply because unhappiness occurs because of lack of something, which can be gained when sought for. The term happiness is closely associated with ethics because of its emotional value. Some people go to an extent of describing good life as happy life. A virtuous person also appears to be a happy person. Therefore, happiness measures the goodness of something. In order to appreciate happiness, people require the understanding of the te rms intimacy. The State of Happiness Happiness can only be secured if it is within our control. People should not hope for happiness when it is beyond their reach. Eventually, this leads to disappointments. Happiness of a wise person rests upon being virtuous and wise. Happiness can be found in fortunes such as attention, discipline, and education. However, this does not mean that unfortunate people lack happiness. Rather it means that a happy person thinks of himself/herself as virtuous and wise despite being fortunate. Unhappiness means suffering ones fate, while being happy means determining ones fate. It is not an obligation to be unhappy. People should avoid romance out of unbearable experiences. Unhappiness does not simply mean a feeling that one needs to overcome. It can, as well, offer lessons that promises of happiness are not always met because there are certain limits. One may be shielded from crisis by happiness, but at times, it may fail. Whenever a crisis arises, one wonders the right way to follow. This g ives possibilities and happiness can be used to shield an individual from recognizing these possibilities. Ethics can also be a crisis and one may want to change his/her lifestyle even though it means being unethical, or leading to unhappiness. Noteworthy is that something can be good for one person, but bad for another. Involving possibilities would mean going backwards or returning to the past mistakes. There can be a possibility of being unhappy, and this possibility means grasping joy, as well as terror. Happiness does not last. This means that a person cannot be happy throughout all the life. Times change and people find themselves in grievous situations. Shared impressions can lead to happiness. For example, people can burst into laughter after remembering an event. Happiness should be sought for when there is a lack of it since it is a necessity. Moments of bliss make people happy. Being misfortunate does not always mean that a person does not act. Frustrations ae always there no matter how hard people work towards happiness. Therefore, people ought to know what they can achieve and what they cannot. This way, they will be able to have achievable expectations, hence, no frustrations that lead to unhappiness. In the chapter Feminist killjoys, we learn of what can be found behind the happy image of an American housewife. Several researches have been conducted to show whether housewives are happier than working wives. Results indicate that traditional housewives appeared happier than the modern wives who got jobs. Aiming at being feminist gives women unhappy desires. Therefore, a relation exists between unhappiness and feminism. To explain such misfortune, some authors use the the housewifes consciousnesses. Happiness is achieved through orientation. One will want to achieve that which leads to good life. Therefore the state of happiness is closely related to education since it offers orientation. A child is shaped by what happens to it. A person gets educated with the hope of leading a lucky life in the future. Virtues also lead to happiness, and, therefore, cultivating virtues makes one happy. In this book, a character named Sophy gets educated on how to become a good wife. A woman must b e pleasing, respectful and loving. Women must always maintain bliss in their homes. A woman believes that virtues lead to happiness. She believes that a bad woman is a disgrace, unhappy, poor, and one who neglects things. She must behave that way because her parents expect that from her. Her happiness is achieved through making her parents happy. Sophy is this kind of a woman, but we fail to understand whether she is happy personally, or she just makes other people feel joyful. Happiness should follow natural paths. Felicity also should not be used to make relations secure because this makes happiness an instrument. It should be the aspiring force that shapes the world. Educating women on how to be happy serves as happiness scripts that give instructions. Happiness can keep an individual out of trouble. Desires and imaginations can make one dolorous. Imagination makes a woman think much and provides her with several questions in her mind, which remain unanswered. Feminists lack a sense of humor because they fear contr adicting themselves of annoying others. People should acquire total bliss when they laugh at the right time. Feminists, on the other hand, force themselves to laugh simply because it is their duty to make others happy, and not to be gloomy (Gilbert, 2006). Some people believe that feminists are not genuinely happy, and that they try to show felicity because they envy other women. Unhappiness can make one realize the cause for this state by evaluating the events leading to it. Conditional happiness exists whereby a person should be happy because someone else is lucky. Such happiness does not bring satisfaction in terms of happiness. A person ought to be happy naturally and this state does not have to be conditioned. To leave happiness behind means stopping being sympathetic. Sadness arises when a person realizes that gender can lead to loss of possibility and such loss does not make things possible. One can also inherit unhappiness like in the case of Clarissa who inherits infelicity from Mrs. Dalloway. Many women spend their lives as housewives, yet they have talents, which could be used elsewhere. This does not lead to happiness at all since they end up not achieving happiness that could have come otherwise in a natural way due to exercising their talents. Therefore, behind a happy face of a housewife lays sadness. Some people will go to an extent of wanting to understand the attributes of happiness. Pecola is staring at the mirror for long hours sso that she can discover her ugliness that makes people dislike her. This is because both students and her fellow students do not like her. She believes that beautiful eyes would make people admire her. She wishes she had blue eyes. Consciousness of something makes one live in a different world. For example, if a feminist realizes that she leads a different life from that of non-feminists, she is likely to have burdensome feelings. She may even change her attitude towards feminism because she will realize that she is forces to behave in a certain way simply to make others happy. In the story To room nineteen, a story of two people is told. These two people fall in love and they get married after waiting for so long. Their friends got married when they were young and they lived in regrets for wasted opportunities. The couples happiness is increased when their friends compliment them by saying that they suit each other. The two of them have well-payed jobs and they are comfortable about it. The wife remains happy even after she quits job after giving birth. The two build a house, which makes them very pleased. It is a proud couple that makes fun of themselves. The husband is available all the time, at night and du ring the day. This couple avoided falling into the same pit that their friends had fallen. They feared that their marriage would collapse as many marriages did. Susan promises her heart that she will go back to employment so that she will be independent once again. One time Mathew, the husband, came home late. He confessed that he was at a party and that he slept with another girl. Susan felt betrayed, but she forgave him. The infidelity came after ten years of marriage. The couple experienced periods of unhappiness. Sometimes their children would suffer from measles, which would disturb Susan. After their recovery, Susan realized that she had been lonely for a long time; that she lacked freedom while staying with her husband. It was at this time that she became friends with Mrs. Parker, a widow who worked hard to earn a living. After making friends with her, Susan became independent once again. She felt happy that she was now free from imprisonment. She could now do whatever she wished to do. She could also visit whomever she wanted (Cutler, 1998). Conclusion In conclusion, happiness comes from within an individual. The term happiness itself makes one happy. Repetition of the word makes one even happier. People always want to achieve something so that they become joyful. However, happiness does not last forever. It comes and goes, just like life. For instance, in the case of Susan and Mathew, the couple used to be happy for over ten years, but later on problems started arising in their marriage. Moments of unhappiness can be used to teach one a lesson. For example, one can realize what he did, or what he did not do for the misfortune to happen to him. To explain true happiness, we went through the story of a housewife who was a feminist. We learn that feminism does not bring felicity, but rather there is something hidden behind the face of a happy housewife. These wives are taught how to be happy, and they feel happy when someone else becomes joyful. This is referred to as conditional happiness. However, the state of true happiness should come naturally. People should not be happy simply because the society expects them to be fortunate. Noteworthy, what makes one person happy does not necessarily benefit another person in the same way. At the same time, a persons happiness can mean another persons disappointment. For example, a thief can be happy after stealing something. The person, whose property has been taken, is left unhappy. Buy custom Happiness essay

Vacation Comparitive Essay Essays

Vacation Comparitive Essay Essays Vacation Comparitive Essay Essay Vacation Comparitive Essay Essay Stone 1 Christina Stone ENG 111W1 Ms. Staples 10/28/2011 Vacationing at the Beach or The Mountains There are several places to go on a summer vacation. Two of the most popular places to go is either the mountains or the beach. Even though the beach and the mountains are both popular vacationing spots in the summer, they have several differences. Myrtle Beach in South Carolina and The Great Smokey Mountain in Tennessee are the closest of the type to people in Virginia. They are both great places to enjoy a wonderful family vacation during the summer. The climate during the summer at the beach averages 88 degrees during the day. The nights can be quite comfortable averaging 76 degrees with the cool ocean breeze. There is an average of 215 sunny days throught out the year. Some days can be humid with the moisture from the ocean being so close. The beach is always full of different activities for the whole family to enjoy. On those hot days laying out on the beach and swimming in the ocean are among the most popular. Building sandcastles in the sand is also fun. Fishing, boating and parasailing are also enjoyable things to do while at the beach. On the those super hot days when the sand is to hot for a persons feet, a trip to one of the waterparks in the area can cool the day off just right. There are several different beach locations to choose from along the coast. Myrtle Beach or Virginia Beach are two of the larger and most popular beaches to vacation at. North Carolina and Georgia also have smaller more private places to enjoy the beach. The coast all the way from Florida to New York have beaches to choose from. In contrast to a summer vacation at the beach the other popular choice is the mountains. The weather in the mountains is full of heat, haze and humidity. Afternoon showers and thunderstorms are also common throughout the summers. The average temerature in the summer is usually in the 90s. The temerature can also vary ten to twenty degrees depending on the elevation. The mountains also have an abundance of family friendly activities. Camping is one of the most enjoyable, either in a tent or by renting a cabin. There are hundreds of waterfalls to view on almost every stretch of the rivers. It is nice to spend a whole day hiking some of the hundreds of miles of hiking trails along the mountain ridges. Many different types of Wildlife can be view from anywhere in the mountains. The Great Smokey Mountains is the most popular mountain spot to enjoy a vacation with locations in North Carolina and Tennesse. The mountains and the beach are both great places to vacation. They both have great weather and plenty of activities to keep a family entertained. They share common everyday things to do such as shopping and great restaurants to dine at. Fishing is also popular at both place with saltwater fishing and the beach and freshwater and trout fishing in the mountains. So when choosing a place to vacation, the beach and the mountains are both great places with equally enjoyable things to do.

Proton - Definition of Physics Terms

Proton - Definition of Physics Terms A proton is a positively charged particle that resides within the atomic nucleus. The number of protons in the atomic nucleus is what determines the atomic number of an element, as outlined in the periodic table of the elements. The proton has charge 1 (or, alternately, 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs), the exact opposite of the -1 charge contained by the electron. In mass, however, there is no contest - the protons mass is approximately 1,836 times that of an electron. Discovery of the Proton The proton was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1918 (though the concept had been earlier suggested by the work of Eugene Goldstein). The proton was long believed to be an elementary particle until the discovery of quarks. In the quark model, it is now understood that the proton is comprised of two up quarks and one down quark, mediated by gluons in the Standard Model of quantum physics. Proton Details Since the proton is in the atomic nucleus, it is a nucleon. Since it has a spin of -1/2, it is a fermion. Since it is composed of three quarks, it is a triquark baryon, a type of hadron. (As should be clear at this point, physicists really enjoy making categories for particles.) Mass: 938 MeV/c2 1.67 x 10-27 kgCharge: 1 fundamental unit 1.602 x 10-19 CoulombsDiameter: 1.65 x 10-15 m

Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rhetorical Analysis - Assignment Example This paper is focused on the identification of rhetoric strategies in an academic and professional paper written by Saurav K. Dutta and Raef A. Lawson in the domain of managerial accounting. The title of paper is â€Å"Boosting Management Accounting’s Stature on Campus† and it has been published in year 2007. ANALYSIS OF RHETORICAL STRATEGIES Style and Tone The style adopted by authors of this paper is comprised of long and fluent sentences along with descriptive and appropriate usage of words. The appropriation of words used by the authors is strictly in concordance with the field which this paper has associations that is business. Structure of sentences is simple and effective which demonstrate the informative intention of authors. However, the paper is aimed to persuade the academic institutions, authors have adopted the straight writing technique in which simple structured sentences are presented to inform the audience about the criticality of the issue. As this art icle is professional as well as academic, the tone utilized by authors is highly descriptive. However, authors also have acquired a sarcastic tone to signify the criticality and to represent historic happenings in the domain of management accounting. ... Followed by the construction of the argument in which authors have demonstrated the flaw of contemporary academics on the basis of which the problems are developed as associative with the field of management accounting. By developing the whole explanation for the problem, authors have proposed a way out which is the basic purpose of the author to be developed. In this domain, the whole paper represents a systematic deliverance of the argument with a demonstration of excellence by the authors in the related field of study. Due to this, authors have successfully developed the stature of authors as credible and authentic which assists to imply the intended argument in a more sufficient manner (Dutta and Lawson 43-45). Pathos The presence of pathos in the article is distinctively highlighted with the explication of issue and its association with individuals who are professionally accountants in a negative manner. Authors have identified a significantly critical issue regarding the field of accountancy on the basis of which authors developed that this critical issue is decreasing the need of accountants. There are two prominent features in the paper which depicts the persistence of pathos acquired by authors in order to persuade the targeted audience on emotional plain. Firstly, authors have portrayed a factor of concern for the field of management, business and accounting that is the declining need and efficiency of accountancy in contemporary times. It creates an immensely persuading impact on the academies of business and field of accounting because of the importance which is intrinsically related to this discipline of studies. On the other hand, it illuminates problems for individuals who are acquiring the academic

Lawyer regulations in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lawyer regulations in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The result of those events has made it necessary for the Saudi legal market to find ways to develop the profession and promote it. One such method was to create a law that discussed professional partnerships, which included all kinds of professions, whether it was lawyers, doctors, or engineers. In an explanatory note for the laws of professional companies, 4 issued by the Bureau of Experts, the Council of Ministers stated: â€Å"the difficulties surrounding individual professionals are many.† As such, it’s better for clients to deal with a group of professionals than to find themselves in front of a team of specialists at a high level of achievement.5 However, the legal profession and lawyer’s regulations in Saudi Arabia have gone through many stages 6 until the law has evolved into in the form that we see today.7 The present Saudi Code of law practice was released under the Royal Decree No. M/38, dated 15 October, 2001, and under the Council of Ministers Resolu tion, No. ... tThe Saudi Code of Law practice, article 10, states: â€Å"a professional partnership for practicing law may be formed by two or more of the lawyers whose names are registered in the list,8 but is subject to the requirements of the professional partnerships law.† The legislature here did not refer to the company law as the law that governs the relationships between partners, but points out the law of professional partnerships. The legislature made the differences very clear by stating that â€Å"it is appropriate to subject professional firms to the provisions of the General Partnership, organized by Title II of the Companies Law, where professional firms are â€Å"civilian companies† in their nature, as working in liberal professions does not make them merchants.† Thus, the differences are obvious between civil companies and commercial companies, either in their formality or substantively standards.9 So, a law firm partnership is governed by the Law of Professio nal Partnership and not the Company Law. Thus, the next topic will be devoted to discussing the Law of Professional Partnerships in regards to the provision of professional partnerships legality. 2. The Saudi law of Professional Partnerships a. General The law of Professional Partnerships considers a partnership between lawyers to be a civil company. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss what a civil company is before covering the partnership legalitypersonality under the Saudi law of Professional Partnerships. b. What is a Civil Company? i. Terminology: The best English translation for a civil company is a â€Å"Professional Partnership.† In French it is known as â€Å"societe civile professionnelle†

File Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

File Management - Essay Example This essay focuses on analyzing and describing of modern file management and it's systems that refers to the fundamental methods used in naming, storing and handling computer files. In many applications today, a file acts as a central element, with the exception of the real-time and other specialized applications where, virtually, all output is saved within a file to provide for long term storage for future use by either the user or other programs. The lifespan for the files is independent of any applications that use them for their input-output functions. Therefore, users must be in a position to create access, save and maintain the files content and integrity. These actions encompass the file management systems. A typical file management system, that is discussed in the essay comprises of system utility programs running as privileged applications. Files are manageable in different ways based on platform and the type of file manager. Despite there being different kinds of file manag ers, effective file management must entail proper organization, management and location of directories, files and folders. In summary, file manager enhances locating the files, organizing, storing and backing up files. In organizing the files, the applications are made easier to find through creation of the program file. It is suggested that the documents with same file extensions can be saved in their own folders to facilitate easier and quick retrieval. The user can create nested folders within the folders to prevent orphans and widows.